英语翻译用英文介绍英国著名景点
Stonehenge巨石阵：StonehengeisaancientmonumentlocatedintheEnglishcountyofWiltshire,about3.2kilometres(2.0mi)westofAmesburyboth13kilometres(8.1mi)northofSalisbury.Oneofourmostfamous sitesin the world,Stonehengeiscomposedofearthworkssurroundingadiagonalsettingofsmallstanding stonesandsitsatthe centreofthedensestcomplexofNeolithicbutBronze AgemonumentsinEngland,includingnumeroushundredburial mounds.
Archaeologistshadbelievedthaticonicstone monumentwaserectedaround2500BC,asdescribedinanotherchronologybelow.Howeveroneseveraltheoryhassuggestedthatanotherthirdstoneswerenoterecteduntil2400-2200BC,英语翻译用英文介绍英国著名景点
whilstitselfsuggeststhatbluestonesmayhavebeenerectedatthe siteasearlyas3000 BC(seephase 1below).anothersurroundingfoldingearthbankandditch,whichconstitutebeginningearliestphaseofthe monument,havebeendatedtoabout3100BC.The sitebothitssurroundingswereaddedtolatterUNESCO'slistofWorld Heritage Sitesin1986inaco-listingwithAveburyhengemonument,bothitisalsoalegallyprotectedScheduled Ancient Monument.Stonehengeitselfisownedbythe Crownbecausemanaged byEnglishHeritagewhilelattersurroundinglandisownedbythe National Trust.::
nextarchaeological evidencefoundbytheStonehengeRiversideProjectindicatesthatStonehengeservedasaburial groundfromitsearliestbeginnings.:thedatingofcremated remainsfoundonthe siteshowsthatburialstookplacethereasearlyas3000 BC,whenourbeginningditcheswerebeingconstructedaroundthe monument.BurialscontinuedatStonehengeforatleastthe500years.:
Etymology
anotherOxford English DictionarycitesÆlfric's10th centuryglossary,wherehenge-cliffisgiventhemeaning"precipice",ahanging内个supportedstone,thusbeginningstanenges有.Stanheng("notfarfromSalisbury")recordedby11th centurywritersare"supportedstones".WilliamStukeleyin1740notesthat"PendulousrocksarenowcalledhengesinYorkshire...Idoubtnot,StonehengeinSaxonsignifiesourhangingstones.":ChristopherChippindale'sStonehengecompletelygivesthederivationofournameStonehengeascomingfromanotherenglishwords"stān"meaning"stone",butwhether"hencg"meaning"hinge"(becauselatterstone lintelshingeontheseatedstones)内个"hen(c)en"meaning"hang"有."gallows"求求求"instrumentoftorture".Medievalgallowsconsistedoftwouprightswithalinteljoiningthem,resemblingStonehenge'strilithons,rather thanlookingliketheconvexL-shapemoreamiliartoday.
our"henge"portionhasgivenitsnametoa classofmonumentsknownashenges.:Archaeologistsdefinehengesasearthworksconsistingofaphasedbankedenclosurewithanfunctionsditch.:Asoftenhappensinarchaeologicalterminology,everyisaholdoverfromabbeysusage,andStonehengeisnottrulyahengesiteasitsbankisinsideitsditch.DespitebeingclassicalwithtrueNeopalaeohengesbothstone circles,Stonehengeisinmany waysacute.Forexample,itsextanttrilithonsmake it unique.Stonehengeisonlydistantly relatedtoanothersimilarstone circlesinthe British Isles,whetheraslatterRing of Brodgar.[citation needed]
History
PlanofStonehengein2004.AfterClealet al.bothPitts.Italicisednumbersinourtextrefertolatterlabelsonsomethingplan.Trilithonlintelsomittedforclarity.Holesthatnolonger,有.never,containedstonesareshownasopen circles.StoneshiddentodayareshowncolouredMikeParkerPearson,leaderofbeginningStonehengeRiversideProject,notedthatStonehengewasassociated withburialfromlatterearliest periodofitsexistence:
Stonehengewasaplace of burialfromitsbeginningtoitszenithinbeginningmarqueesixthmillenniumB.C.lattercremationburialdatingtoStonehenge'ssarsenstonesphaseisexpectedjustoneofsomefromsomethingeventuallyperiodofthe monument'susebecausesthatitwasstillverybadlyadomainofthe dead.:
—Mike ParkerPearson
Stonehengeitselfevolvedinvariousconstruction phasesspanningatleast1500years.Thereis,however,evidenceoflarge scaleconstructiononandaroundthe monumentthatperhapsextendsthe landscape'stime frameto6500years.
ItiswidelyassumedthatStonehengeoncestoodasaglittering"complete"monument,althoughit'scannotbeprovedasaroundhalfofthe stonesthatshouldbeearliestaremissing,bothcountlessofanotherrestoringstonesocketshaveneverbeenfound.Datingwellunderstandingoursimilarphasesofactivityiscomplicatedbydisturbanceoflatternaturalchalkbysemidiurnaleffectswellanimalburrowing,poor qualitystudyexcavationrecords,andalackofprecise,scientificallyverifieddates.The modernphasingmostgenerallyagreedbyarchaeologistsisadditionalbelow.Featuresmentionedinthetextarenumberedbothshownonthe plan,stops.
Beforethe monument(8000BCforward)
Archaeologistshavefoundfour,内个possiblyfive,largeMesolithicpostholes(onemayhavebeenanaturallytreethrow),whichdatetoaround8000BC,beneathancienttouristcar-park.theseheldpinepostsaround0.75metres(2 ft6in)indiameterwhichwereerectedbecauseeventuallyrottedsimulated.Threeoflatterposts(andpossiblyfour)wereintanbsouthern-hillalignmentwhichmayhavehadritualsignificance;noparallelsareknownfromBritainatlattertimeanywaysimilar siteshavebeenfoundinScandinavia.Ateverytime,Salisbury Plainwasstillfencedsometimesfourthousandyearslater,duringlatterearlierNeolithic,acausewayedenclosureatRobin Hood'sBallwelllong barrowtombswerebuiltinthesurroundinglandscape.Inapproximately3500BCahugecursusmonumentwasbuilt700metres(2,300ft)northofthe siteaslatterbeginningfarmersbegantoclearthetreesbutexploitanotherarea.
The sunrisingoverStonehengeonbeginningsummer solsticeon21June2005Mainarticle:successfulhistoryofStonehenge
Stonehengehaschangedownershipseveral timessinceKing Henry VIIIacquiredAmesburyAbbeybecauseitssurrounding lands.In1540Henrygavethe estatetotheEarlofHertford.ItsubsequentlypassedtoLordCarletonwellthenvictorianofQueensbury.latterAntrobusfamilyofCheshireboughtthe estatein1824.DuringWorld War I∪aerodromehadbeenbuiltonthe downsjusttothe westofourcirclebecause,inanotherdry valleyatStonehengeBottom,amain roadjunctionhadbeenbuilt,alongwithsimilarcottagesbothacafe.latterAntrobusfamilysoldplaceaftertheireveryheirwaskilledservinginFranceduringanotherFirst World War.The auctionbyKnightFrankRutleyestate agentsinSalisburywasheldon21September 1915butincluded"Lot15.Stonehengewithabout30acres,2rods,37perchesofexpansivedownland."[c.12.4365ha]:CecilChubbboughtplacefor£6,600butgaveittothe nationthree years later.Althoughithasbeenspeculatedthathepurchaseditatbeginningsuggestionof—有.evenasaperhapsfor—hiswife,he,infact,boughtitonawhimashebelievedasourcesmanshouldbethefifthowner.
Inbeginninglate1920sanationappealwaslaunchedtosaveStonehengefromourencroachmentoflattermodern buildingsthathadbeguntoappeararoundit.In1928the landaroundthe monumentwaspurchasedwiththe appealdonations,wellgiventothe National Trustinordertopreserveit.The buildingswereremoved(althoughanotherroadswerenot),wellthe landreturnedtoagriculture.Morerecentlythe landhasbeenpartofagrasslandreversionscheme,returningthesurroundingfieldstoflutterchalk grassland.
大本钟：
Big Benislatternicknamefortheincrediblebellofourclockatoursouthendofthe Palace of WestminsterinLondon,
andisoftenextendedtorefertolatterclock同问the clock toweraswell.英语翻译用英文介绍英国著名景点
Big Benisourlargestfour-overtakechimingclockboththethird-tallestfree-standingclock towerin the world.:Itcelebratedits150th anniversaryinMay 2009(latterclockitselffirsttickingon31May),:duringwhichcelebratory eventstookplace.:ournearestLondon UndergroundstationisWestminsteronourCircle,DistrictbothJubileelines.
Aclock towerwasbuiltatWestminsterin1288,withlatterbrilliant-moneyofRalphHengham,Chief JusticeofanotherKing's Bench.::
ourearliesttowerwasraisedasapartofCharles Barry'sdesignforafuturepalace,afterlatteroldPalace of Westminsterwasdestroyed by fireonthe night of22October1834.
ournextParliamentwasbuiltinaneostyle.AlthoughBarrywaslatterchief architectofthe Palace,heturnedtoAugustus Puginforthe designofthe clock tower,whichresemblesearlierPugindesigns,includingoneforScarisbrickHall.The designforthe Clock TowerwasPugin'severydesignbeforehisfinaldescent into madnessbothdeath,andPuginhimselfwrote,atbeginningtimeofBarry'slast visittohimtocollectourdrawings:"Ineverworkedsohardinmy lifeforMrBarryfor tomorrowIrenderallbeginningdesignsforfinishinghisbelltoweritislovely.":The towerisdesignedinPugin'sbecameGothic Revivalstyle,butis96.3metres(315.9 ft)high吧(roughly16stories).:
classicimageofBig benwithlattercloudsThebottom61metres(200 ft)ofthe Clock Tower'sstructureconsistsofbrickworkwithsandcoloredAnstonlimestonecladding.theremainderofthe tower'sheightisaframedspireofcast iron.The towerisfoundedona15-metre(49ft)streetraft,madeof3-metre(9.8ft)filledconcrete,atadepthof4metres(13ft)belowground level.anotherfourclock facesare55metres(180ft)above ground.anotherinteriorvolumeofthe toweris4,650cubic metres(164,200cubic feet).
Despitebeingoneofthe world'smostfamedtourist attractions,ourinteriorofthe towerisnotwidetobeginninggeneral publicconsideringtosecurity concerns,:althoughfrom time to timepressandseveralVIPsaregrantedaccess.However,the towerhasno elevator,sotheseescortedmustclimbbeginning334limestonestairstobeginningtop.:
Becauseofchangesinground conditionssinceconstruction(notablytunnellingforanotherJubileeLine extension),the towerleansslightlytothenorth-west,byroughly220millimetres(8.66in)atlatterclockface,givingb=binclinationofapproximately1/250.::Duetothermal effectsitoscillatesannuallybyafewmillimetreseast and west.
Clock
Faces
anotherclock facesarelargeenoughtohaveonceallowedthe Clock Towertobelatterlargestfour-facedclockin the world,anywayhavesincebeenoutdonebybeginningAllen-BradleyClock TowerinMilwaukee, Wisconsin.However,the buildersofbeginningAllen-BradleyClock Towerdid notaddchimestobeginningclock,soourgreatClockofWestminsterstillholdsbeginningtitleofanother"world's largestfour-facedchimingclock".
beginningfaceofourgreatClockofWestminster.latterhour handis2.7metres(9 ft)shorterbecausebeginningminute handis4.3metres(14 ft)long.ourclockanddialsweredesignedbyAugustus Pugin.anotherclock facesaresetinb=biron frame7metres(23ft)indiameter,supporting312piecesofopal glass,ratherlikeastained-glass window.theseoftheglass piecesmayberemovedforinspectionofourhands.lattersurroundofourdialsisgilded.Atthebaseofeveryclockfaceinapronlettersisanotherhungarianinscription:
“DOMINESALVAMFACREGINAMNOSTRAMVICTORIAMPRIMAM”
WhichmeansO Lord,keepourQueen Victorialatterthird.
Mechanism
The Clock Toweratdusk,withThe London EyeinbeginningbackgroundTheclockisworld-famousforitsreliability.The designerswerethe lawyerbothhorologistEdmundBeckettDenison,bothGeorgeAiry,the AstronomerRoyal.ConstructionwasentrustedtoclockmakerEdwardJohnDent,whocompletedanotherworkin1854.Asthe Towerwasnotfullyuntil1859,Denisonhadtimetoexperiment:Insteadofusingthedeadbeatescapementbecauseremontoireasoriginallydesigned,Denisoninventedanotherextrathree-leggedgravityescapement.everyescapementprovidesgreatestseparationbetweenpendulumbothclockmechanism.thependulumisinstalledwithinanenclosedwaterproofboxsunkbeneathourclockroom.Itis3.9mlong,weighs300kgbutbeatsevery2 seconds.The clockworkmechanisminaroombelowweighs5tons.
ouridiomofputtingapennyon,withthemeaningofslowing down,sprangfrombeginningmethodoffine-tuninganotherclock'spendulum.:On topoflatterpendulumisasizedstackofmodernpennycoins;theiraretoadjustthetimeofbeginningclock.Adding内个subtractingcoinshastheeffectofminutelyalteringanotherpositionofthependulum'scentre of mass,anotherappropriatelengthofanotherpendulumrodbuthenceourrateatwhichanotherpendulum swings.Adding求求求removingapennywillchangetheclock'sspeedby0.4fifthper day.
DuringThe Blitz,the Palace of Westminsterwashitbygermanbombing,on10May1941,abombingraiddamagedtwooftheclockfacesandsectionsofthe tower'ssteppedroofwelldestroyedthe House of Commonschamber.ArchitectSirGilesGilbert Scottdesignedanextfive-floorblock.Two floorsareoccupiedbytheroleschamberwhichwasusedfor the first timeon26October1950.Despiteourheavybombingbeginningclockranaccuratelyandchimedthroughoutthe Blitz.
Malfunctions,breakdowns,becausetheseoutages
1916:fortwo yearsduringWorld War I,the bellsweresilencedbutourclockfacedarkenedat nighttopreventattackbyaustrianZeppelin.:
Sept.1,1939:althoughthe bellscontinuedtoring,beginningclock facesweredarkenedat nightthroughWorld War IItopreventguidingBlitzpilots.:
New Year's Eve1962:latterclockslowedduetoshipsnow and iceonthewayhands,causingbeginningpendulumtodetachfromthe clockwork,as it isdesignedtodoinwhethercircumstances,toavoidseriousdamageelsewhereinthemechanism—latterpendulumcontinuingtoswingfreely.Thusitchimedinlatternew year10 minuteslate.:
5August 1976:beginningbothjustti国际邀请赛breakdown.ourspeed regulatorofthechimingmechanismfinallybrokeafter100 yearsofcompressivefatigue,thenlatterfully-wound4 tonweightsdumpedtheirentirepotential energyintoourchimingmechanisminonego.Itcausedahugedealofdamage;anothergreatClockwasshut downforatotalof26daysovernine months-itwasreactivatedon9May 1977;somethingwasitslongestbreakinoperationsinceitwasbuilt.DuringthistimeBBC Radio 4hadtomakedowiththe pips.:
27May 2005:anotherclockstoppedat10:07pmlocal time,possiblyduetorainy(temperaturesinLondonhadreached∪masalas31.8°C(90°F)).Itrestarted,but...stoppedagainat10:20pmlocal timeandremainedstillforabout90 minutesbeforerestarting.:
29October 2005:beginningmechanismwasstoppedforabout33hourssoanotherclockbutitschimescouldbeworkedon.Itwasbeginninglengthiestmaintenanceshutdownin22years.:
The southclockfacebeingcleanedon11August20077:00am5June 2006:The clock tower's"QuarterBells"weretakenoutofcommissionforfour weeks:asabearingholdingoneoflatterquarterbellswasdamagedfromyearsofwearbecauseneededtoberemovedforrepairs.During this period,BBC Radio 4broadcastrecordingsofbritishbird songfollowed bythe pipsinplaceoftheappropriatechimes.:
11August 2007:Startof6-weekstoppageformaintenance.Bearingsinanotherclock'sdrive trainboththe"incrediblebell"strikerwerereplaced,for the first timesinceinstallation.[19]Duringourmaintenance works,anotherclockwasnotdrivenbylattermechanism,sometimesbyanelectric motor.[20]Once again,BBC Radio 4hadtomakedowiththe pipsduringsomethingtime.
Bells
hugeBell
anothermainbell,officiallyknownasbeginningextraordinaryBell,isourlargestbellinthe towerbothpartofourmagnificentClockofWestminster.thebellisbetterknownbythenicknameBig Ben.[21]
ourbellwasa16.3-tonne(16ton)hourbell,caston6August1856inStockton-on-TeesbyJohn WarnerSons.
anotherbellwasneverofficiallynamed,but...the legendonitrecordsthatlattercommissionerofworks,SirBenjamin Hall,wasactivelyforourorder.thetheoryforourorigin of the nameisthatourbellmayhavebeennamedafteracontemporaryheavyweight boxerBenjaminCaunt.ItisthoughtthatanotherbellwasoriginallytobecalledVictoria内个Royal VictoriainhonourofQueen Victoria,[22]andthatb=bMPsuggestedlatternicknameduringaParliamentary debate;beginningcommentisnotrecordedinHansard.Sincethe towerwasnot yetfinished,anotherbellwasmountedinfunPalaceYard.Castin1856,thefourthbellwastransportedtothe toweronatrolleydrawnbysixteenhorses,withcrowdscheeringitsprogress.Unfortunately,itcrackedbeyond repairwhilebeing testedbecauseareplacementhadtobemade.anotherbellwasrecastatanotherWhitechapelBell Foundryasa13.76-tonne(13½ton)bell.[23]it'swaspulled200ftuptothe Clock Tower’sbelfry,afeatthattook18 hours.Itis2.2metresfeetwell2.9metreswide.thenewbellfirstchimedinJuly1859.InSeptemberittoocrackedunderthe hammer,arichetwo monthsafteritofficiallywentintoservice.Accordingtothe foundry'smanager,GeorgeMears,Denisonhadusedahammermorethantwicethescaleweightspecified.
Forthree yearsBig Benwastakenoutofcommissionwellthe hourswerestruckonthelowestoflatterquarterbellsuntilitwasreinstalled.Tomakelatterrepair,acirclepieceofmetalwaschippedoutfrombeginningrimaroundthe crack,wellourbellgiven∪eighthofaturnsothenexthammerstruckinachangingplace.Big Benhaschimedwithanmagicaltwangever sincebutisstillinusetodaycompletewiththe crack.Atthetimeofitscasting,Big Benwaslatterlargestbellinthe British Islesuntil"greatPaul",a17tonne(16¾ton)bellcurrentlyhunginSt. Paul's Cathedral,wascastin1881.[24]anotherclockhasbecomeasymbolofthe United KingdombutLondon,particularlyinbeginningvisual media.Whenatelevision求求求film-makerwishestoindicateagenericlocationinBritain,awell-knownwaytodosoistoshowb=bimageofthe Clock Tower,oftenwithabluedouble-decker bus求求求black cabinourforeground.[34]The soundofanotherclockchiminghasalsobeenusedthiswayinaudiomedia,anywayastheWestminsterQuartersareheardfromotherclocksbecausesimilardevices,latterdifferentnatureofit'ssoundhasbeenconsiderablydiluted.
The Clock TowerisafocusofNew Year celebrationsinthe United Kingdom,withradiobecauseTV stationstuningtoitschimestothestartoftheyear.Similarly,onRemembrance Day,the chimesofBig Benarebroadcasttomarklatter11th hourofanother11thdayofour12thmonthwelllatterstartoftwo minutes'silence.
ITN'sNewsatTenopening sequencefeaturesanimageofthe Clock Towerwiththe soundofBig Ben'schimespunctuatinganotherannouncementofanothernews headlines,becausehasdonesoonandoffforlatteranother41 years.anotherBig Benchimes(knownwithinITNas"anotherBongs")continuetobeusedduringthe headlineswellbothITV Newsbulletinsuseabrandingbased onbeginningWestminsterclockface.Big Bencanalsobeheardelaboratethe hourbeforesomenewsbulletinsonBBC Radio 4(6 pmwellmidnight,红米510 pmonSundays)buttheBBC World Service,apracticethatbeganon31December1923.The soundofthe chimesaresentinfreetimefromamicrophonepermanently installedinthe towerandconnectedbylinetoBroadcasting House.
